Journal of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering
RIIYM: Journal of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering RIIYM, a journal of excellence in scientific publication, is the official journal of the Faculty of Engineering at the National University of Lomas de Zamora (UNLZ). With a focus on industrial and mechanical engineering, the journal disseminates original and unpublished research in Spanish, contributing to scientific and technological advancement in these areas. Published biannually in digital format, RIIYM is aimed at an international audience of researchers, teachers, and professionals in the field of engineering. Its main objective is to promote the dissemination of knowledge generated in the scientific community, fostering the exchange of ideas and experiences. RIIYM: International Scope: The journal has an internationally renowned editorial team and a double-blind peer review process, which guarantees the scientific quality of the published articles. Open Access: All articles published in RIIYM are available online for free, facilitating access to scientific information and promoting the democratization of knowledge. Thematic Coverage: The journal covers a wide range of topics related to industrial and mechanical engineering, including: Design and analysis of systems Manufacturing and production Project management Materials and processes Fluid mechanics Thermodynamics Control engineering Robotics Bioengineering Diversity, equity, and inclusion in engineering RIIYM is an essential tool for the scientific community in the field of industrial and mechanical engineering. The journal provides a platform for the publication of high-impact research, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and technological innovation. We invite researchers, teachers, and professionals to submit their original articles to RIIYM.
Secretaría de Investigación, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora
Copyright of the accepted works belongs to their authors, however, access to them is completely open and free, so they may be reproduced in whole or in part with the only limitation of acknowledging authorship and the source of publication. The Scientific Journal uses the following Open Access license for all its works: CC-BY 4.0
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND PILOT TEST OF A LOW-COST DIGITAL LIMNIMETER
In Argentina, water level measurement is limited to few water bodies. This situation limits the scope of hydrological and limnological studies. In this framework, the development of low-cost digital limnimeters can be useful, not only for the academic community and decision makers, but also for the development of citizen science initiatives. This work presents the design, construction and pilot test of a low-cost digital limnimeter. The prototype was designed and built with open-source hardware and software and other readily available materials. The equipment operated autonomously for 24 days, recording the water level of the Ing. C. Roggero reservoir (Buenos Aires province, Argentina). The cost of the prototype was lower compared to similar commercial equipment currently available. The experience allowed us to identify opportunities for optimizing the prototype.
Copyright (c) 2023 Gabriel Basílico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPERIENCES OF MAINSTREAMING GENDER PERSPECTIVES: The case of the Faculty of Engineering at UNLZ, Argentina, 2019-2023
The recent implementation of public policies with a gender and human rights perspective has generated tensions and conflicts by showing violent practices in institutions. There is still resistance to new initiatives in the university environment, especially in engineering, where systems of prerogatives and practices that reinforce male authority dominate. Various literature defines gender mainstreaming as the systemic integration of gender inequality into institutional policies. This work explores the mainstreaming strategies implemented in the UNLZ Faculty of Engineering (2019-2023), covering training, awareness, research, extension, linkage, and regulatory development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ing. Guadalupe Pascal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CORRELATION BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND WILD BIRD DIVERSITY IN A RESTORED LAGOON. BUENOS AIRES. ARGENTINA
This research study aims to describe the water restoration of the Coipos Lagoon, which together with three other lagoons make up the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve urban wetland, located in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The type of research is applied, with a mixed approach, descriptive level and observational experimental design with a longitudinal cut. Coastal wetlands play an important role as habitats for waterbirds, both resident and migratory. To analyze the importance of this natural shelter for waterbirds, censuses were carried out for a period of four years between 2014 and 2017. To accompany the water restoration of the lagoon, a water quality index was adapted. The purity of the water was found to be healthy, with moderate species diversity and abundance. A total of 49 species were recorded, representing 16.5% of the total birds registered. Our results showed significant temporal differences in the structure of the bird assemblage of the Coipos Lagoon over the four years.
Copyright (c) 2024 Noemi Lobo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SMEs AND INDUSTRY 4.0: DEVELOPMENT AND PROPOSAL OF A MEASUREMENT MODEL
Industry 4.0 technologies are crucial for business competitiveness, making it important to measure their level of implementation. Maturity models assess the degree of adoption of these technologies, enabling the diagnosis and planning of technological improvements in industries. However, due to their methodological complexity and the need for specialized knowledge, these models are challenging to apply in SMEs. Our work proposes a diagnostic tool and a methodology to evaluate the maturity of Industry 4.0 technology implementation in SMEs. We first conduct an analysis of global maturity models, then develop an instrument to assess the progress in applying automation and data analysis technologies, and finally apply this instrument to twelve Argentine SMEs, discussing the results obtained.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
Copyright (c) 2024 Rafael Lujan Blanc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reduction of accidents at motorway exits
Traffic congestion situations at the entrances and exits of highways in various cities represent a serious and increasingly intolerable problem for users in their daily activities. These congestions, often unnoticed at the beginning, arise from structural and construction deficiencies in highways, as well as from the lack of adequate signage that anticipates and provides information in real time. The lack of planning and adequate updating generates inefficient designs, manifested in a significant increase in the risk of accidents, causing irreparable damage to the life and health of users. In addition, these congestions result in substantial delays that affect productivity and quality of life. The time lost in traffic could be spent on more productive and personal activities. The situation also leads to excessive fuel consumption, raising operating costs and increasing the carbon footprint, which contributes negatively to environmental deterioration. If we recognize the possibility of minimizing this situation through improvements in infrastructure, highway design and the implementation of real-time smart signage, we will be able to not only improve road safety, but also optimize the use of time and resources, promoting more efficient and sustainable mobility.
highway safety, highway limitations, highway accidents, highway design
Copyright (c) 2025 JUAN JOSE GRASSI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND INDUSTRIAL SCALABILITY OF PIPING PREFABRICATION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF 3D COLD MODELING TECHNOLOGY. COMPARATIVE STUDY.
The history of piping manufacturing by the metalworking industry and its associated cost traditionally lies in a production paradigm based on the identification of preparation, presentation, welding and validation operations through non-destructive testing. These activities are usually manual and depend largely on the qualification of the workforce. Concern then arises about the testing of alternative technologies and their economic impact. In this context, the approval of a new methodology that minimizes the use of elbows represents a proposal that, if not technically and economically reasoned, would not be accepted by the market. For this reason, it is the purpose of this work, with a focus on the economic scalability of the 3D curved proposal, to provide the industry with the context for analyzing the results of an innovative technology with the potential to improve up to 61.2% of the usual cost.
Copyright (c) 2024 Walter Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF A MECHANICAL AGITATOR TO PREPARE CHALLENGE WATER UNDER ANMAT REGULATIONS
This work shows the development of a three-bladed propeller, based on a fluid agitator with an Axial type design; used for low viscosity fluids (<8 Pa.s / <8000 cP) and to homogenize, with N.A.S.A. (ex-N.A.C.A) profiles. with a tangential speed of between 3m/s and 15 m/s. The propeller prototype made using 3D printing techniques is presented. Likewise, it was tested in a simulation and real test using 3 different speeds. It could be observed how the speed at the leading edge is the same as the trailing edge, which guarantees that the design of the hydrodynamic profile is correct. Accompanying this observation, the zero presence of cavitation in the propeller is detected at the three requested speeds.
Copyright (c) 2024 Milagros Rocio Tevez Sauco, Nicolás Hermann, Fernando Massaro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESOURCES OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE INNOVATION OF BUSINESS MODELS
: Industry 4.0 can be defined as the fusion between the production process of products or services and information and communications technologies. But the implementation of these technologies does not guarantee success and economic profitability; it requires a cultural and organizational transformation and reengineering based on the incorporation of innovation in traditional business models. This work proposes to develop the conceptual foundations that state the theoretical bases for the identification of the value creation capabilities offered by Industry 4.0 technologies and to propose an instrument for evaluating the impact of the new paradigm on the business models of Industry 4.0. local SMEs. As a result, an analysis of the applicability of the proposed conceptual framework in a technological and business context is presented in the regional industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 Carlos Chezzi Chezzi, Candela Zanier, Celeste Rodriguez, Facundo Molina Miller https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SENSITIZATION AND CORROSION IN AISI 316L
This work studies the accelerated corrosion of AISI 316L stainless steel under exposure to a saline atmosphere for 96h. The samples were previously solution-treated at 1100°C for 1 hour and then cooled in water or air, followed by isothermal sensitization at 650°C for 6 hours. Microstructural analysis, using optical and scanning electron microscopy, revealed severe attacks at the austenitic grain boundaries, attributed to the precipitation of different types of chromium carbides and intermetallic phases, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Corrosion tests indicated that the air-cooled sample exhibited a higher degradation rate and mass loss, with significant advancement of intergranular corrosion, compared to the water-cooled one. These findings highlight the influence of heat treatments on susceptibility to localized corrosion.
Copyright (c) 2024 MARIANO INÉS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and simulation of gears trains using CAE- CAD Systems
Currently all stages of the design and project of mechanical components prior to the manufacture of a prototype are carried out using CAD/CAE software with technical and economic advantages. FEM analysis advantageously evaluates different types of analysis, compared to traditional project techniques. The possible differences in results between different software forces the design engineer to discern whether the differences come from the resolution algorithms, from differences in meshing, from operating conditions or from a difference in the standards applied. This work compares the result of the design of a pair of gears by CAE software under AGMA 2001 D04 Standard (metric) with the FEM analysis by a specific software of the same pair designed with CAD software. Care has been taken to apply the same standards, loads, design conditions, expected life and reliability. Data and adopted coefficients, compared results and conclusions are reported.
Copyright (c) 2026 Guillermo Rubén Facal, José María di Iorio, Rafael Alberto Schiazzano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR BIO-AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 4.0
The industries that produce bio-agricultural inoculants are mostly Small and Medium Enterprises. The production of bio-inputs for monocultures (inoculants) produces seasonality in production, harming activity outside the productive season. The inoculants are made up of nodulating nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a product that improves the productivity, development and maturation of seeds when planting plantations. The application of new technologies that allow solving this variable situation in production is a challenge. The fruitful processes of each species of seeds are different and today it is onerous to diversify in the production of each inoculant for each species. In addition, the sterilization processes themselves could be replaced by new concepts, supported by electromagnetic radiation. We consider that the innovations of Industry 4.0 in production activity would provide an answer to the question. The combined use and integration of these technologies would ensure improvements in processes in traditional monocultures (soybeans) and in others, complementing seasonality without large investments, but with the benefit of productive continuity.
Copyright (c) 2024 JUAN JOSE GRASSI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CBP3D – COLD BENDING OF PIPES IN 3 DIMENSIONS: SUMMARY STUDY ON THE INNOVATION, FLEXIBILITY AND RELIABILITY OF TECHNOLOGY WITH APPLICATION IN PIPING FOR THE OIL&GAS INDUSTRY
Piping exists for various applications in the industry, and pipe factories find security in operating by applying available and widely tested technologies and methods – the more background there is in the applied methods, the better. Conventional practices include activities that require welding for the manufacture of spools that will be destined for different piping systems for various applications, including the Oil&Gas industry. This raises not only the concern about the existence of a reliable technology that optimizes the piping manufacturing process by reducing the amount of welding per spool, but also the need to evaluate whether such technology is capable of providing the reliability that the Oil&Gas industry requires to guarantee operational safety and quality. This dilemma can be resolved if questions such as: can cold 3D bending successfully replace welded joints? What are the regulatory requirements that a bent pipe must meet to guarantee operational safety and quality? Does the Oil&Gas industry have a history of application? What are the benefits of this technology? Is it possible to apply 3D cold bending on an industrial scale for standardized production? What is its cost potential? This summary study answers these and other questions in search of conclusive results on this topic.
FROM AUTOMATION TO HUMANIZATION: THE EVOLUTION TOWARDS INDUSTRY 5.0
This study explores the evolution from industry 4.0 to industry 5.0, where digitalization and automation move towards a more human approach, highlighting that it is not a substitution, but a synergistic integration. Industry 5.0 emphasizes human-machine collaboration, redefining the role of people in industry by combining human creativity and judgment with the precision of machines. The need to redefine technologies to respond to new social demands is highlighted, promoting a balanced human-machine integration. This approach seeks to maximize productive efficiency without neglecting the quality of life. The transition is described as a hybrid where advanced technologies and human centrality coexist, creating more resilient, circular and socially oriented systems. In addition, challenges and opportunities faced by companies, especially SMEs, in reconfiguring their processes and adopting new technologies are examined.
Industry5.0; Humanization; Sustainability; Resilience; Collaboration
Copyright (c) 2024 Miguel Benegas, Jorge Camblong, Federico Walas Mateo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SELF-PROTECTION OF HOMES AND STRUCTURES AGAINST THE DESTRUCTIVE ACTION OF FOREST AND INTERFACE FIRES
Forest and interface fires are increasingly frequent in areas affected by droughts and high summer temperatures, within the framework of larger scale processes such as the regional “La Niña” phenomenon and global climate change. For this reason, it is of interest to adopt prevention and self-protection measures against this type of fire, as well as analyze the feasibility of reusing treated wastewater in extinguishing the fire. This article highlights prevention and self-protection measures against fires and analyzes the main factors that limit the reuse of treated wastewater in the peri-urban area of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (AMBA, Argentina). The management of vegetation in the surroundings of homes and the advanced treatment of wastewater, guaranteeing its disinfection, are some tools to take into account when facing this type of events.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ARGENTINA. STATE OF PROGRESS
The United Nations adopted in 2015, 17 goals with the purpose of guiding all countries towards sustainable development, and the aspiration, to achieve them in 15 years in an action plan called "2030 Agenda". In pandemic’s time, huge changes were produced all over the world. The priorities and all global resources were focused on public health. Argentina is not the exception because this country still has a lot of issues to be solved in terms of sustainable development that were not a priority during the last periods due to the pandemic. In this context, it is relevant to study the current state of achievement of the SDGs in Argentina, in order to understand the situation of the country in compare to previous pandemic periods. It is necessary to emphasize the business sector, which is one of the sectors that most influences the achievement of these goals. This is why, the impact on the environmental performance was analysed on nationals organizations through these periods of economic detriment. The results show a wide variability in terms of stagnant goals, in retraction and a few with a slight growth that would allow achieving what was proposed. Finally, it is concluded that the work contributes to the knowledge and understanding of the current state of the SDGs and environmental management in Argentine companies.
BASIC PROPERTIES OF STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND THEIR COMMERCIAL ALTERNABILITY
An analysis is made of the author's previous research of real cases of application of the manufacturing characteristics of steel bars for construction used in the country, consulting several companies dedicated to the commercialization of these bars, as well as the users of the same, and it was found that the concepts of "millimeter" and "equivalent" rods, that do not meet specific standards, are used. The current manufacture of rebar built by the process of heat treatment of quenched with surface self-tempered was investigated, verifying technical conformity with the quality of the products. An analysis of the basic properties of the mentioned steels is carried out, providing the necessary information for the understanding of the application of these properties, with the application of specific standards, concluding in the need of knowledge of these properties and regulations by manufacturers and users.
Dr. Sc. Ing. Roberto Alejandro Aguilar Rivas
A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN THE INTER- GENERATIONAL SUCCESSION OF FAMILY SMEs
At the time of succession, family SMEs face various difficulties that in certain cases end with the closure of the company or its sale to third parties. The issue of family SMEs has been widely addressed by the specialized literature from different perspectives, however, it is observed that the analysis of the expectations, motivations and behavior of the new generations of young people who succeed the founders, particularly in the Latin American context, have not been addressed in all its dimensions. Family relationships, as well as the form of communication, the definition of success or the motivational elements in the young people of the so-called "new generations" (millennials, generation X among others) are in constant transformation. For this reason, this work intends, from the bibliometric approach, to analyze and understand these changes and identify how they impact the success or failure of inter-generational transfer in family SMEs.
METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR THE REDESIGN OF AN AUTOMOTIVE PART, USING MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION
When a mechanical element suffers a structural failure, ceasing to fulfill the function for which it was designed, its redesign is carried out, starting by locating the cause that caused the failure, and which could be due to the material, the geometric shape, the operating conditions or the loads to which it is subjected. The determination of these causes can be complicated if the necessary experience is not available. In this work, a methodology is developed, based on the finite element method, to redesign the front suspension fork of a compact car, which presented the failure within the warranty period; therefore, the original design for Europe was analyzed, obtaining high values in the forces and displacements of a section of the element; thus, this was resized and acceptable results were obtained for the operating conditions on roads in Mexico.
STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL REDUCTION OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT FROM THE REPLACEMENT OF LPG BY WOOD PELLETS APPLIED TO THE PROVINCE OF ENTRE RÍOS, ARGENTINA
Climate change is one of the problems that most worries countries worldwide given the number of consequences it entails. It finds its cause in the greenhouse gas emissions that are released into the atmosphere by various activities, although one of the main ones is the generation of energy. In Argentina this concern is not minor, given that our energy matrix is composed mostly of fossil fuels, which are the main emitters of these gases, causing us to actively contribute to this issue. In this context, this article seeks to analyse the carbon footprint generated by the use of LPG and compare it with that produced by wood pellets manufactured based on waste from forest industries in the province of Entre Ríos. The study was carried out by comparing the carbon footprint produced by the amount of LPG that is estimated to be replaced in the province, against the footprint that would be produced if these wood pellets produced, by waste from sawmills, were used. Taking into account that only 20% of the LPG can be replaced, given the availability of these wastes, and although the fact that they generate gases during their combustion, the analysis showed that the replacement would generate 14% less CO2 eq.
Natural Language Processing applied in essays in the first person: Exploration of Books "Matilda and Women in Engineering in Latin America."
The levels of participation of women in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics in the Latin American region represent and respond to a structural problem. In particular, in the development of engineering history, the women's role is strictly related to the unequal gender structure in the past and present societies, whose evidence and magnitude can be explained through existing gender gaps. In this context, it is essential to admit the responsibility that higher education institutions of related careers have to problematize gender gaps in their training and professional performance spaces to transform the current situation. In the present research, we applied natural language processing and text mining techniques to first-person essays of diverse professional women in the field of Engineering. The main aim is to know the foremost representations produced and published in the Books "Matilda and women in Engineering in Latin America" during 2019 and 2021.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RECOVERY TIME OF THE INVESTMENT IN THERMAL SOLAR COLLECTORS IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC THROUGH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
The growth of the solar thermal market, both worldwide and in Argentina, has generated an increase in imports and local production of various solar thermal collectors with highly heterogeneous characteristics. The extension of the Argentine territory presents a great amplitude of temperature and solar radiation, these are the main variables that affect the performance and energy production of solar collectors. This work analyzes the return on investment time (RIT) of 2 typical solar collectors, flat plate and vacuum tube, for average ambient temperature and radiation values, compared to a traditional efficiency "A", hot water tank operating at natural gas and electric resistance. Determining how the RIT of both collectors vary, to then make maps of the Argentine Republic through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that show how the RIT varies in years throughout the territory for the conditions mentioned above.
DISSIMILAR WELDING BETWEEN AUSTENITIC AND A LEAN UPLEX STAINLESS STEEL
In recent years, materials science has worked hard to develop materials with specific chemical compositions, microstructures, and properties. Due to optimization issues in their selection, today, the industry is challenged to achieve sound welds between dissimilar materials. These welds are known as dissimilar welds. The objective of this work is to study the microstructural evolution and the mechanical behavior of dissimilar welds between austenitic and lean duplex stainless steel. For this purpose, a coupon was welded where a chemical and microstructural characterization was carried out, hardness scans and the tensile properties were determined. The mechanical results obtained show a decrease in hardness in the heat affected zone of austenitic steel, a preferential breaking zone in tensile tests.
ANALYSIS ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF BRAKE DISCS
The industry dedicated to the manufacture of materials for brake applications has produced a new series of materials that have a great extension of the useful life without losing their shape and properties. In this sense, to evaluate these advantages, the effect of contact pressure on wear resistance, friction and temperature of a new material designed for braking applications was studied. The tribological system consisted of a pin of gray cast iron and a disk of the material under study. The load applied was 10 N and the rotational speed of the disk was 480 rpm. The pin with flat surface presented the lowest contact pressure. The friction coefficient was calculated by means of the measurement of the tangential force with a type S load cell. The temperature was obtained with a K thermocouple at 1 mm from the contact surface. Weight loss was measured and the damaged surface was characterized. It was observed that in the initial period the friction coefficient was lower for the samples tested with flat pin and no great differences were observed in the stable period in both conditions. The temperature was 70 to 90 ° C. The samples tested with a flat pin showed a homogeneous wear surface of wide 6 mm, while the specimens with a hemispherical pin showed an increase in the wear track to 2 mm.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEW ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION IN THE INDUSTRY
The current social and economic scenario has increasingly demanded that industries adopt a vision focused on the responsible use of resources and environmental preservation. These factors, added to the search for competitiveness and the reduction of operating costs (such as equipment wear due to fatigue), have favored an increase in studies aimed at industrial energy efficiency. In the last five years, a significant number of studies have been published that combine energy efficiency with multi-criteria decision-making, contributing to the evolution of knowledge. This article presents a bibliometric analysis on the subject to identify the evolution of this topic, verifying the most cited works, the methods applied, the industrial areas studied, and the contributions and future suggestions identified.
ECOSYSTEMS OF INNOVATION AND THE ADOPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 4.0 MODEL IN SMES - A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY
The following is a work based on a bibliometric research around the Industry 4.0 model, that looks for initiatives of the Industry 4.0 model, the barriers to its adoption, including the relative weight of cultural contexts, the geo-positioning of Latin America in the face of industry 4.0 model from other regions such as the USA, Germany, among others. In particular, the innovative ecosystem and border conditions in which companies find themselves will be analyzed, considering different and asymmetries between regions and sectors of the economy during the transition towards this model. Therefore, it will try to find barriers and challenges for the adoption of the Industry 4.0 model, and analyze how the innovation ecosystem can facilitate the adoption of the new model and what conditions need to be met.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND LEADERSHIP IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Specific competencies and skills of mechanical engineering activities, developed by three entrepreneurship companies in Non- Destructive Testing (NDT), Heat Treatments of Steels, and Special Welds, applied to problems of the national industrial sector, are analyzed, directly involving real examples of innovation and leadership. While emphasizing the evolution of one of the companies, through the innovation and development of NDT techniques, until taking the lead in the Central American region and part of the Caribbean, reference is made to the processes of technology applied in form interactive, by the three companies, in the practice of curative maintenance and applied "on-site" research, with optimal results. It describes the procedures developed, in accordance with the emerging needs of curative maintenance of high-scale production companies, with the use of techniques available at the time. Subsequently, reference is made to innovative techniques used for problems solving.
Due to the degradation of machinery and equipment materials, as well as the infrastructure in general, in whose design, construction and use engineers are permanently immersed, various types of corrosion are investigated, in real cases. The selection of cases directly affecting the aforementioned infrastructure was carried out through results of failure inspection activities in housing structures, applied research, deterioration of specific fluid conduction and storage systems, among others, supported by the application of metallography and non-destructive testing. Based on the above, a technical scientific analysis of various corrosion cases is made, through their metallurgical characteristics and some forms of prevention are noted, since this phenomenon contributes to the deterioration of metal systems, impoverishing the concept of environmental sustainability and increasing the operational cost of the infrastructure.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG): BUSINESS MANAGEMENT TOOL USING ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a general guideline so that nations or public and private organizations can focus their efforts and resources on obtaining concrete results in relation to obtaining a sustainable future. Of the 17 Goals, 169 targets were determined to be met before 2030, and in turn, a series of global indicators to measure their compliance. One of its main advantages is that they can be applied at different institutional levels from nations to small companies, guiding their actions. In this context, this line of research will seek to analyze the viability of the SDGs being used as tools in industries, under the hypothesis that companies have a relevant role, in terms of meeting the 2030 agenda, and that they could measure their progress in relation to the SDGs using environmental management indicators. This allows obtaining useful information for decision-making and to establish measures that enable both the reduction of environmental impacts and the identification of potential areas for improvement in the company.
FUNDAMENTAL TRIANGULATION TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The use of natural resources has become indiscriminate due to various factors, among which the population increase stands out and, therefore, the increase in consumption associated with it. This represents an imminent challenge for humanity, which must achieve development that preserves these resources to satisfy current needs without harming the needs of future societies. This work aims to develop a documentary analysis methodology to show the role of organizations and the State in the challenge. For this reason, it is considered essential to understand what tools an organization must achieve sustainability and what public policies the State can determine to guide development. This study covers Argentina and will in turn provide an idea of articulation between these two protagonists.
COMPETENCES OF THE HIGHER LEVEL: APPROACHING NEW MODALITIES OF TRANSVERSAL IMPLEMENTATION
This research arises from seeing that many institutions try to develop their curricula by competencies and with it, train students by competencies, but not many manage to do so. According to Zabalza (2015), universities that want to transform their curricula to one based on competencies need to overcome many obstacles in order to be successful. Among the challenges that universities must overcome are: 1) Adapt to job demands; b) To be situated in a highly competitive context where quality and the capacity for change are required; c) Improve management; d) Incorporate new technologies in both management and teaching; e) To become an engine of local development, both culturally and socially and economically; f) Relocate to a globalized scenario, which implies promoting interdisciplinary, command of foreign languages, mobility of teachers and students, and shared accreditation systems.